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In this study, we present a benchmark study using both simulations with various combinations of genetic correlation and sample size ratios between sexes and real data to investigate whether combining sex-specific PRSs can outperform sex-agnostic PRSs on traits showing sex differences.
This review will assist basic researchers, clinical investigators, as well as epidemiologists, population, and social scientists by providing an annotated bibliography of currently available resource tools on how to consider sex and gender as independent variables in research design and methodology.
Our main findings indicated that age, sex, gender, ethnicity, Indigenous status, sexual orientation, and phase of the pandemic have distinct effects on psychosocial outcomes. Across outcomes, women had more symptoms of depression, anxiety, loneliness, and stress than men, regardless of their age or ethnicity, while the gender diverse ...
Sex and age may exert a combined influence on receipt of preventive services with differences due to number of ambulatory care visits. We used nationally representative data to determine weighted percentages and adjusted odds ratios of men and women stratified by age group who received selected preventive services.
In this section of the chapter, I have discussed some of the major methods of analyzing age and sex structure. In the next and final section of the chapter, I discuss two directions where in my opinion age and sex research needs to be focused.
Our results highlight the need and opportunities to address modifiable cardiometabolic risk factors such as obesity from a sex-specific viewpoint in ageing populations.
In the current era of accountability to present data for males and females, thoughtful and deliberate methodology can improve study design and inference in sex and gender differences research.
Here, we investigate age-by-sex differences in blood-based DNA methylation in an unrelated cohort of 2586 individuals between the ages of 18 and 87 years, with replication in a further 4450 individuals between the ages of 18 and 93 years.
With increasing age, the hands experience significant and complex anatomical, physiological, and biomechanical changes. It is known that hand function considerably deteriorates in both males and females after 65 years of age, although the magnitude of this age-related change depends on many local and global factors [3 – 5].
We aimed to determine the degree to which control targets of glycaemia and cardiovascular risk factors were achieved among patients with type 2 diabetes and to investigate sex- and age-related differences in this population. This cross-sectional, population-based study was conducted in Spain.
Twenty-five studies investigated sex-related differences in balance performance. A small-sized effect was observed for static steady-state balance (SMDbs = 0.33) in favor of girls and for dynamic steady-state (SMDbs -0.02) and proactive balance (SMDbs = -0.15) in favor of boys.
There was no significant effect moderation between SEP and age, sex or place. Stratified analysis did show that the inequality identified in the baseline models widened with age, becoming significant at ages 35–44, before narrowing at older ages (75+).